In Arabic grammar, the use of the definite article “al” plays a pivotal role in transforming nouns and adjectives from indefinite to definite forms. The definite article is written as “ال” and is pronounced as “al.”

However, an interesting feature involves its pronunciation being affected by the initial consonant of the following word, specifically with the distinction between “sun letters” and “moon letters.”

Definite Article “Al” and Its Impact

When a noun or an adjective begins with a consonant, the definite article “al” is added to signify specificity. The addition of “al” changes the word from indefinite to definite. For example:

• Indefinite: “كتاب” (kitaab) – “a book”
• Definite: “الكتاب” (al-kitaab) – “the book”

Sun Letters and Moon Letters

The pronunciation of “al” is influenced by the initial consonant of the following word. There are 28 letters in the Arabic alphabet, and they are categorized into two groups: sun letters (الحروف الشمسية – Al-Huroof a-shamsiyya) and moon letters (الحروف القمرية – Al-Huroof al-qamariya).

The distinction lies in how the “l” sound of “al” is pronounced.

Sun Letters (14 letters)

When the following word begins with one of the sun letters, the “l” sound of “al” is assimilated into the initial consonant of the following word, and it is not pronounced separately. for example:

• “الشمس” (al-shams) – “the sun” (pronounced ash-shams).

Moon Letters (14 letters)

When the following word begins with one of the moon letters, the “l” sound of “al” is pronounced separately. for example:

• “البيت” (al-bayt) – “the house” (pronounced as al-bayt).

Understanding the distinction between sun letters and moon letters is essential for proper pronunciation in Arabic and adds a layer of intricacy to the language’s grammar. This feature contributes to the distinctive sound patterns that learners need to grasp when using the definite article in Arabic.